Haber Bosch Process Essays - Chemistry, Industrial Gases

Haber Bosch Process During the first decade of the twentieth century the world-wide demand for ammonia for use in fertilisers (in the form of nitrates) and in the production of explosives for use in mining and warfare could only be satisfied on a large scale from deposits of guano in Chile (2). Though this deposit was of huge size (approximately five feet thick and 385 kilometres long) it represented a rapidly depleting resource when compared to world-wide demand. As a result of this there was much research into how ammonia could be produced from atmospheric nitrogen. The problem was eventually solved by Fritz Haber (1868 - 1934) in a process which came to be known as the "Haber Process" or the "Haber - Bosch Process". Haber developed a method for synthesising ammonia utilising atmospheric nitrogen and had established the conditions for large scale synthesis of ammonia by 1909 and the process was handed over to Carl Bosch for industrial development (1). the reaction is a simple equilibrium reaction which occurs in gaseous state as follows; N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) = 2NH3 (g) heat of enthalpy = -92.6 kJ/mol In predicting how to obtain the highest yield from this reaction we must refer to Le Chatlier's Principle. This states that for an equilibrium reaction the equilibrium will work in the opposite direction to the conditions forced upon it. The conditions most pertinent to the above reaction are temperature and pressure. The pressure exerted by any gas or mixture of gasses in an enclosed space is directly proportional to the number of atoms or molecules of gas regardless of their size or molecular mass. Reference to the above reaction shows that, as the reaction moves to the right the number of molecules and hence the pressure decreases. Therefore the reaction moving to the right (i.e. towards the product required) is favoured by an increase in pressure. With regard to temperature, the reaction moving to the right is exothermic i.e. it gives off energy (in the form of heat). Therefore reference to Le Chatlier's Principle shows that the reaction to the right is favoured by low temperatures. However, when Haber placed the reactants together under these conditions it was shown that the rate of reaction was so slow as to render the process unfeasible as an industrial process. This is because of an unusually high activation energy. The activation energy of a reaction is the energy required by the reactants to achieve an intermediate state required before they form the products. In the case of the above reaction the intermediate state requires the dissociation of diatomic gaseous nitrogen. The triple bond found between two nitrogen atoms when they form diatomic nitrogen is amongst the strongest chemical bonds known. this leads to an extremely high activation energy. At extremely high temperature the nitrogen molecule will dissociate and so, as the temperature approaches this point the rate at which the reaction to the right occurs and therefore the speed with which equilibrium is reached increases rapidly. Unfortunately experimentation showed that, as temperature approached the point at which the speed of the reaction was sufficient to produce a viable reaction the amount of ammonia produced was so low that the reaction was still unfeasible on as an industrial process. Faced with this failure to find conditions suitable for an industrial process Haber began to experiment to find a catalyst that would facilitate the reaction. A catalyst is a substance that reduces the activation energy of a reaction, thus increasing the speed at which the reaction occurs, or in the case of equilibrium reactions the speed at which equilibrium is reached. After hundreds of experiments Haber discovered that a fast enough reaction with a high enough yield of ammonia would occur with a pressure between 200 and 400 atmospheres and at a temperature between 670K and 920K in the presence of a catalyst of iron (in the form of iron filings to increase its active surface area) plus a few percent of oxides of potassium and aluminium. This process was first demonstrated in 1909 and patented as the Haber Process in 1910 (3). Experiments aimed at finding the most efficient conditions for the reaction have since resulted in the process described by the flow diagram in Appendix 1. The Haber process has been used since its discovery to produce ammonia which has been used predominately to produce fertilisers which have helped to feed a rapidly growing world population and has been one of the main props used to avoid world-wide famine. The increase in the use of

Health Studies Report Essay

Health Studies Report Essay Health Studies Report Essay The Healthcare system in Britain and how it is paid for. Public Pay = Public provision This consists of healthcare that is designed to meet the cost of all our essential healthcare needs, paid for via the government. In some countries, the funding is controlled by an agency of the government or by an entire population. When tax is the primary way of financing healthcare, it gives everyone and equal level of cover regardless of their financial circumstances. Public Pay = Private Provision This is where we pay a small amount of tax but it’s provided by a private hospital. Government is the purchaser not provider. Care can be provided by private hospitals. I.e. Clatterbridge and Renacres. Private pay = Private Provision This is where all health care is privately funded and healthcare is received in private hospitals. Examples of this, is through Bupa. Out of Pocket Expenses Out-of-pocket expenses are what you pay for health-related services above and beyond your monthly premium. Depending on your health plan, these expenses may include an annual deductible, coinsurance, and co-payments for doctor visits and prescription drugs. Who’s Who? Left Wing = Labour (Socialist) Right Wing = Conservatives (Capitalist) Mid-Way = Liberal Democrats Socialist (Labour) Socialism is where a community/society, rather than private individuals take ownership of a production and distribution system. For example, we pay tax and all own a share of the NHS. It gives them all an equal opportunity in sharing the work and the products. However, it can cause some people to become lazy, as they still get the same as the person who works hard. (Right Side News, 2009) It is a form of government that owns, regulates, and administrates the production and distribution of goods and services. Another common definition of socialism is a form of government that attempts to reduce social, economic, medical, and political inequalities among its people by providing basic services. Karl Marx described â€Å"Socialism as a lower form of communism and held the opinion that socialism was an intermediary step in moving from Capitalism to Communism.† (Sited on Your Dictionary.com) He had the idea that we are a product of our own environment. If we are poor, or unwell, it’s due to society and how it controls the individual. He argues that inequality is caused by our access to, or lack of structures. Socialism is based on individuals paying a higher tax, but with the Government funding all expenses. The benefits to this are: Everyone has equal access to healthcare and benefits. We all have a right to equality. Tax free treatment National control leads to standard practice It increases workers’ rights. Everyone pays in, so everyone receives the same outcome. The negatives to this are: Longer waiting times for treatment or Doctors due to free healthcare. Over use of treatments Overly expensive and in National debt (Economics Help, 2014) Limitations of tests and treatments Canada is a good example of a socialised healthcare system. Under this system, citizens are provided preventative care and medical treatments from primary care physicians as well as access to hospitals, dentists and other additional medical needs. With very few exceptions, everyone qualifies for health care regardless of medical history, personal income or their standard of living. (Canadian Health care, 2004-2007) The downsides to this system using Canada as an example, is in 2001 Canada’s healthcare topped $100 billion dollars. (Canadian Health Care, 2004-2007) This level of costs can cause detrimental effects on the national economy. Increased waiting times also become a concern. Even though everyone has equal access, it causes demands on all areas of care. Capitalist (Conservatives) Capitalism is based on the theory that we, as an individual, contribute more than the government. We pay a low amount of tax, but we provide our own pensions and make savings to

Gaia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gaia - Essay Example This would not be possible if the Earth's components were functioning separately. "It has never been too hot or too cold for life to survive on our planet, in spite of drastic changes in the composition of the early atmosphere and variations in the sun's output energy." (Lovelock, p 48). This is linked to humans in the way that our bodies sweat and shiver to maintain a body temperature. The Earth is not exactly shivering or sweating but is regulating its own temperature as most living organisms do, which is why the hypothesis stating that earth is functioning as a single organism is called the Gaia hypothesis, named after the ancient Greek Goddess of the Earth. The word Gaia may have many different meanings in many different circles but the essence is the same. Gaia is the Earth, its spirit, its Goddess and it's the unique technique in which the earth functions, a self-contained and remarkable anomaly in our solar system.

The Five Dysfunctions of a Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Five Dysfunctions of a Team - Essay Example Decision Tech’s employs too could not work together efficiently, they could not create their own magnetism because ‘†¦ few key employees below the executive level unexpectedly left the company. Morale deteriorated†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ if this technological company had learnt the attributes of team work, they needed not to have depended on Jeff Shanley leadership ‘.. Someone had to be accountable for the mess, and Jeff was the man at the top.’ The big attribute of team work revolves around cheering and bolstering their leader, this lacked in this firm instead Decision Tech developed a reputation within the valley for being one of the most political and unpleasant places to work. Question two: Review the information on the establishment of team â€Å"Norms† during the forming and norming stages of team development in your text on pages 498 -501. What behavioral norms had been established by the executive team at Decision Tech before Kathryn took over? How did these norms help or hurt the company’s performance? Dependence and superficiality: There was little interaction which was formal or guarded, in establishing clarity of purpose, norms, procedures and expectations thus cohesive unit could not be created. The more employees interact together the more they develop a common behavior. This lacked in Decision tech’s capacity leading to a poor performance There was a lot of cooperativeness and heightened interpersonal attraction‘†¦ it had the most experienced – and expensive- executive team imaginable†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this helped it a lot to attract even the ‘†¦cautious venture ï ¬ rms†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ who were ‘†¦ lining up to invest, and talented engineers were submitting their rà ©sumà ©s before the company had leased even an office.’ The firms employees conformed to standards and expectations for high achievement leading to ‘†¦a seemingly indestructible business plan and more top-tier

Contrast Studying Alone to Studying in a Group Essay Example for Free

Contrast Studying Alone to Studying in a Group Essay Do you like to study alone or study in a group? Maybe some people will like to study alone, and other people will like to study in a group. Like studying alone, studying in a group will make you learn a lot of new things. Then studying alone and studying in a group can help you to gain knowledge and renew you information. Although they have some similarities, they still have some differences. Studying in a group makes your study easier, spends you time less, and makes you more actively. First, studying in a group will make your study easier. Studying alone and studying in a group have different styles. If you study in a group, you may have some co-workers. If you can’t understand or answer the questions, those co-workers will help you to resolve the problems. This kind of study style will make your study easier. In contrast, If you study alone and have some questions, you can not easy to find someone to help you. You may feel alone and helpless. Therefore, although you can study in any of these two ways, you will feel more helpful when you study in a group. Second, studying in a group will spend your time less. When you study, you may want to spend less time learning more things. These two ways will bring different outcome. Studying in a group means you and others people work together, and all of you need to think about the same problems. You can devide one work from different parts, of the work. You will finish the job more quickly. In contrast, when you study alone, you have to finish your work by yourself. You will take more time to finish it. Therefore, studying in a group can save you time on study. Finally, studying in a group will make you more actively. Whatever studying alone or studying in a group, you want to learn. When you work with others, you will get some information from others. At this time, you will think about their idea and absorb the good things from them. In contrast, when you study alone, you just know what you think and can not improve from others. When you study, you just study what you have known. Therefore, studying in a group will improve and increase your thinking. To sum up, studying in a group can make your study easier, spend your time less, and make you more actively. These two ways both can help you to study. Sometimes, studying in a group will help you a lot; sometimes, studying alone also can help you a lot. If you want to be a good student, you can choose these tow ways to use in different time. You will get help from these two ways.

History of the Computer :: Technology

History of the Computer The Analytical and Difference Engines (1835-1869): The English mathematician Charles Babbage (1792-1871) never got to build his invention, but his design had an uncanny resemblance to the modern computer. Ada Lovelace, Lord Byron's daughter, wrote eloquently about the device and was history's first programmer. The ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) (1938): John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed the first electronic digital computer at Iowa State, and urged the university to patent their design. Nothing was ever done and millions in potential royalties were lost. The project was abandoned in 1942 without building the computer. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) (1946): was built at the University of Pennsylvania by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. Recognized as the first operational electronic computer, it could perform 5,000 additions per second, weighed 30 tons, and required 1,500 square feet of floor space. UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) (1951): The world's first commercial computer (a total of 15 were sold) gained public recognition when it was used by CBS to predict Eisenhower's 1952 presidential election. The original UNIVAC was officially retired on October 3, 1963, after 73,000 hours of operation, and is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution. The IBM 360 (1964): The 360 series pioneered the concept of upward compatibility whereby a user could upgrade from one computer to the next without having to reprogram existing applications. The machine was viewed as an enormous financial gamble, but paid off handsomely as it gave IBM a dominance in mainframes which it has never relinquished. Altair 8800 (1975): The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured the Altair 8800 on its cover: the first personal computer and a machine that the hobbyist could build from a kit. 2000 adventurous readers sent in their orders (sight unseen) for a kit that cost $439. The Altair had no keyboard or monitor and no available software and was programmed by switches on the front panel. Apple II (1977): The Apple Il was a fully assembled home computer in an attractive case, complete with keyboard, connection to a TV screen, color, memory to 64Kb, and BASIC interpreter. The machine was to launch the personal computer revolution and vault its founders, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, from garage to glory. IBM PC (1981): IBM was neither first nor technologically innovative, but their announcement put the personal computer on the desks of America's business people, just as Apple had put the computer in the home. History of the Computer :: Technology History of the Computer The Analytical and Difference Engines (1835-1869): The English mathematician Charles Babbage (1792-1871) never got to build his invention, but his design had an uncanny resemblance to the modern computer. Ada Lovelace, Lord Byron's daughter, wrote eloquently about the device and was history's first programmer. The ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) (1938): John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed the first electronic digital computer at Iowa State, and urged the university to patent their design. Nothing was ever done and millions in potential royalties were lost. The project was abandoned in 1942 without building the computer. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) (1946): was built at the University of Pennsylvania by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. Recognized as the first operational electronic computer, it could perform 5,000 additions per second, weighed 30 tons, and required 1,500 square feet of floor space. UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) (1951): The world's first commercial computer (a total of 15 were sold) gained public recognition when it was used by CBS to predict Eisenhower's 1952 presidential election. The original UNIVAC was officially retired on October 3, 1963, after 73,000 hours of operation, and is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution. The IBM 360 (1964): The 360 series pioneered the concept of upward compatibility whereby a user could upgrade from one computer to the next without having to reprogram existing applications. The machine was viewed as an enormous financial gamble, but paid off handsomely as it gave IBM a dominance in mainframes which it has never relinquished. Altair 8800 (1975): The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured the Altair 8800 on its cover: the first personal computer and a machine that the hobbyist could build from a kit. 2000 adventurous readers sent in their orders (sight unseen) for a kit that cost $439. The Altair had no keyboard or monitor and no available software and was programmed by switches on the front panel. Apple II (1977): The Apple Il was a fully assembled home computer in an attractive case, complete with keyboard, connection to a TV screen, color, memory to 64Kb, and BASIC interpreter. The machine was to launch the personal computer revolution and vault its founders, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, from garage to glory. IBM PC (1981): IBM was neither first nor technologically innovative, but their announcement put the personal computer on the desks of America's business people, just as Apple had put the computer in the home.

Work Makes Life Sweet by Bell Hooks

Work Makes Life Sweet by Bell Hooks is one of my favorite essay on the book Presence of the others. The commitment and passion to work is best described in this essay. The right livelihood is not according to the money you earn out of work but on the enjoyment you get out of working. Most people today are after the compensation one can get from working. In this fast changing world, it is important to earn money through hard work. From the black community, Work makes life sweet for them. This is a viewpoint in life that motivates one to succeed. They took pride in a job well done. Rather than working just for money. Work should be a vocation where a person's true calling lies in. Many people are working to acquire money and buy necessities. This is the wrong notion about work. The right livelihood according to the author is the capacity of the individual to have determination and perseverance to work. We work to enjoy the skills and abilities bestowed to us. An individual's duty is to make the most out of what talent is given to us. Every goal that a man wishes to endeavor comes at the right time and with great purpose. In my own case I do non academic activities rendering community service. By doing charitable acts, I can help other people and enjoy my talent as well. I teach young kids to draw and plant trees. In this way my life is sweeter because I am working for a cause. It is important to have commitment, love and passion for work because a person in love is really sweet. Plan your work and work your plan. Goals are intended to be achieved through hard work. This makes life extra special because you enjoy and earn at the same time. Work makes life sweet because it enhances our skills and make us earn for a living.